How Has Social Media Affected the Relationship Between Celebrities and Fans free essay sample

What is particularly interesting about Twitter (and to a lesser extent Facebook) is the newfound proximity we ‘normal people’ have to modern celebrities. These Celebrities once performed their professional duties at a distance and were only accessible through one-way relationships; third parties such as tabloids, TV shows, and interviews. Now, however they are within our reach. Newsstand and tabloids enjoyed being filled with negative portrayal of celebrities: Twitter acts as a way for celebrities let their fans know what is happening in their lives, circumventing (equally) biased third parties, and allowing them to portray their own Star Persona. On the surface it seems as though the use of Twitter is bringing celebrities and their fans closer together by bypassing the filter of the media and conducting a â€Å"direct† conversation. Questions remain, however, about the authenticity of the celebrities’ image established and sustained on Twitter. An article by Prof Laura Portwood-Stacer stated that Denver Bronco’s wide receiver Eddie Royal has over 100,000 likes on Facebook and has surpassed 50,000 Twitter followers not by being a great athlete, but through the â€Å"connection† with his followers, posting often enough and almost always offering something personal to the fans: a video shoutout, a picture, and the most popular, free tickets to a Broncos game, the article went on to state that Royal has a â€Å"social media coach† named Jeff Weiner whose motto is that his clients should interact consistently with followers and engage with them on video, using these social networking sites in a strategic way to help cultivate and maintain a healthy fan base through creating the illusion of first-person glimpses into their lives, a personal relationship: This is a perfect example of the postmodernity of the Internet. The master narrative of the established â€Å"dead tree press† of newspapers and magazines has been rejected, in favour of the pluralism and freedom of interactivity that the internet provides. Celebrities can now be portrayed as â€Å"normal people we could have relationships with†, Jean Baudrillard posits that we are living in a word of â€Å"hyper-reality† constructed largely of surface media images that challenges and undermines modernist notions of reality and truth. The problem is the presentation of the Star Persona as the ‘real’ person, and the Twitter users’ ability to distinguish reality from this constructed ‘simulation’ of the celebrity as they are intertwined together, creating the possibility of losing sight of where one ends and the other begins. It could also be argued that Twitter and other social media networks do not create the private relationships that they appear to, rather an open, mass media one. The familiarisation of celebrities can only be attained if the fan realises that they belong to a large group of fans, a fandom, and are not having a personal relationship but more like an impersonal relationship with the stars. The relationship between star and fandom is symbiotic which both celebrity and fan need and benefit from, They help them meet new business and social contacts, or reconnect with old friends. With so many celebrities starting to use Twitter and other sites, they help their Fans keep up with their favourite stars and what theyre doing at that exact moment in time, which helps maintain their popularity with fans, agents, and filmmakers, so ultimately, theyre helping maintain their careers, too. On the other hand there is always a negative side to these relationships, that involve abuse to and from both celebrities and fans. This is where the freedom of speech the internet allows comes into full practise, the abundant unregulated content of the internet as no limit. The internet has evolved to give people this sense of freedom, which inevitably results in abuse.. This is perfectly explained by David Gauntlett’s Web 2. 0 theory. Web 2. has enabled all kinds of people to be creative, to share the things theyve made, and to collaborate with others. Gauntlett argued that Web 2. 0 as allowed us to become our own producers and create our own identities and even influence ot her people just as celebrities do. A great example of this is the story of Justin Beiber, a now worldwide superstar followed by many, started by using the web 2. 0 to the fullest by regularly posting creative videos of himself on YouTube, another powerful mass media median. The freedom allowed by web 2. 0 allowed him to reach an audience without strong support from television and radio. This lifted him to superstar status. Take or example the twitter accounts of such a celebrity like Justin Beiber, who is effortlessly portraying a persona of a super loved mega star on twitter by having over 37 million followers, however new research claims out of his 37. 3 million followers, only 17. 8 million are linked to real accounts. The website Socialbakers found 47% of the singers followers on Twitter were genuine fans. Others are not so lucky, Rebecca Black, an American teen, released a self-made video on YouTube in an attempt to gain fame and sparking a frenzy of insults. She had over 51 mi llion people who view her video on YouTube and 1,036,504 people disliking her video; the fact that all the social medias are interlinked did not help her case because as more people conformed to a negative outlook on her made it inevitable for it to be a global media attack. This was very easy as her target audience are prone to following and conforming in the mass views. This ‘mob culture’ of social response on the internet – the ‘bandwagons’ that people are happy to belong to has created a new form of social conformity. Where social media’s â€Å"following† power has created a mass response to individuals.. In a 2007 study into how we assess group opinion on by weaver k. in the journal of personality and social psychology stated that hearing a opinion stated by the same person in a group had almost exactly the same affect as hearing the same opinion from three different people in the group. A million people stating this view is sure to influence a vast number of people to conform. People/fans would leave their beliefs and ideas to conform to the majority which may not even exist. Our inability to distinguish our self from, the fear of standing out has reduces us to mere as Twitter perfectly sums it ‘follower’; following does who had the courage to stand out and not conform. Social media is the human connection between media, in recent times these connections have developed to something more. This development in communication media as affected the traditional ways of socialising, it seems more like a one way relationship to the extreme as fandoms know everything about the celebrities and in return the celebrities know nothing about them. These extremes have reached the fact were people find it interesting to watch reality shows of celebrities being followed by cameras, documenting their everyday life, almost like a life version of twitter. Such shows include ‘Peter Andre, My life’ and ‘Keeping up with the Kardashians’. These shows do not only give us a live â€Å"unscripted† view into the celebrity’s life but there is also the fact that we are being subconsciously sold products to. In fact, the study by Chadwick Martin Bailey and iModerate Research Technologies found that consumers are 67% more likely to buy from the brands they follow on Twitter and 51% more likely to buy from a brand they follow on Facebook. This is the commercialism of social media these days, hyper-commercialism is seen in all these reality shows and now its on the social website YouTube, where you have to watch a commercial before watching the video you would like to watch. Following that, due to the strong fandom relationship (portrayed as an interpersonal relationship) eaves the fans oblivious making the companies get loads of new clients in an attempt to imitate and be more like their favourite celebrity. The internet these days is probably the best way to spread the messages. Therefore many companies have gained a lot from digital marketing and fans through social networking. Social Networking Websites including Facebook and Twitter which are now being used by various multinational companies in order to convey their message to the customers and what better way to do this then by making the people with the most power on the social sites to influence them. Social Media and social media celebrities have become a major factor in influencing various aspects of consumer behaviour which leads to brand commitment. By liking your favourite celebrity’s page on Facebook, you can be bombarded with all different sponsors and advert links to the page and your choice. The social influence put to them by the celebrities is so strong that fandoms may look like they are in agreement with their celebrities choice of products in a social setting, but below the surface, the person has by no means been fully convinced. For instance, if in a conversation between two people, one person makes a racist comment and the other is offended and says nothing, this could be viewed as complying, so that the appearance of agreement is maintained. In other word they may be so influence by the relationship they think they are having with the celeb that they would go out of their way to get what they are literally told to get. Social medium such as twitter and Facebook will always have a huge amount of followers as they are able to tap into what we need and crave the most and that is off all things, attention and recognition, from our peers and most of all from our idols. Facebook allows people to get this recognition from people, whether it be through an accepted friends request or a liked status or hoto, or getting a follower on twitter, all these earns people recognition in the social word which they may not get in the real world, this of course boost confidence and self-esteem. So I guess it could be said that social media is a good thing in our society, just like live 2. 0 it helps us escape the cruelty of the world, however it’s not all jolly fun as I previously pointed out with the Rebecca Black situation, in the search of a better live on social sites some people may find much worse thing. The way social media has changed is that people are now moving in a direction to making live 2. 0, (a virtual world game that gives you the opportunity to live a second live in your computer) a reality. The vast and fast development of social mediums in the past years has given us an escape route from these lives we live in the real world and get lost in a desired hyper-reality were we are able receive comfort in the belief of being equals with the so calls stars of the real world. These stars have played a major part in assuring these social sites never fall, this is because most of them owe they large fan base and sometimes careers to these sites. They use social medium as a way of projecting a persona that is in their best interest and have the fandom believe in a true interpersonal relationship which is nothing but a fandom in an attend to project their persona even further into the status of social Gods.

Presidential Travel Essays - , Term Papers

Presidential Travel Through the course of our country's history many things have changed such as the presidents and their form of transportation. Civilization has broadened the types transportation through the decades. The use of transportation has furthered our country's ability to communicate with each other and many other countries. The president's travel started out with an uncomfortable horsedrawn carriage and has escalated to a giant Boeing 747 jumbo jet with all the amenities of the White House. Today the only conflict with the president's transportation is the price. From President Washington all the way to President McKinley, the president was free to come and go as he pleased because there were no secret service agents. Since the nation's poor roads made for long uncomfortable trips, the president hardly ever went on long excursions away from Washington. When George Washington had to make long trips, he rode in a closed carriage, pulled by a team of fast horses, which were exchanged on each leg of the trip. Andrew Jackson was criticized for riding in elegant carriages which made people feel that he was forgetting the American ideals. The use of horses led to the death of William Henry Harrison during his inauguration. He was given a nice stagecoach to ride in, but he chose to ride on his favorite horse. He rode to the capitol in the cold weather and gave a two hour inaugural address and through this, he picked up pneumonia and died. Harrison was also the first president to ride a train, although he never knew it! He was transported to his final burial on the rail! It was not until Howard Taft's administration that money was appointed for presidential transportation. In 1833 the railroad stretched a total of a 135 miles, and Andrew Jackson was the first living president to ride a train. Once Jackson left office there was a total of 1,300 miles of railroad operation. Abraham Lincoln was for the expansion of the railroad. Lincoln had a 42 foot long car but he was reluctant to use it because people thought of him as a humble person. Franklin Roosevelt had a train car named the Magellan which had accommodations for ten. The Magellan's biggest asset was its safety. The Magellan had steel roofs, side panels, and the bottom of the car was protected by a metal shield. It was believed that it could withstand small bombs and grenades. The windows to the Magellan were very thick which, in turn, could stop bullets. President Roosevelt spent a lot of time traveling on it, because it could only go 30 miles per hour. He traveled In excess of 60,000 miles. When Truman was president, his train could speed up to 105 miles per hour, but he asked the engineer to slo w it to 80 miles per hour. One mode of travel that never became popular was the presidential yachts. Many people were angry to see luxury beyond what they thought should be enjoyed by an American president. There was a fleet of yachts, and none of them were for travel. They were just for rest and relaxation. Jimmy Carter later took the current yacht called the Sequoia and put it on the auction block. During the early 1900's the automobile was starting to be more frequently used but only in large cities. Even though President McKinley had used a horse less carriage, it would still be another 10 years before the White House would have a garage full of presidential cars. It was during William Howard Taft's presidency when a budget was set aside for transportation ($25,000). The first presidential car was a model ?M? touring car and was used for Taft (Siuru-25). The final inauguration for a president riding in a horsedrawn carriage was Woodrow Wilson, and the first in a car was Warren Harding. The first flight by a president occurred in 1943, a year and one month before the U.S. entered World War Two, when Franklin Roosevelt traveled to Casablanca to meet Winston Churchill. It was Roosevelt's second flight because he had flown in a plane made by the Wright Brothers which stood in the air for no more then 2 minute (Siuru, 137). The plane which he flew

Sample of Essay For Undergraduate Admission

Sample of Essay For Undergraduate AdmissionIn recent years, the application for the college level has become a popular pastime and many colleges now offer samples of essays for undergraduate admission. If you've been wondering whether to write one yourself or send in an essay sample from a friend, this guide will give you some tips on what to do when it comes to writing a sample essay for undergraduate admission.First of all, you need to find the right essay samples for your college. You don't want to send in one that's too generic or won't be able to really express the reasons why you're getting into the college in the first place. A good idea is to find a sample essay for undergraduate admission from several different colleges and then study them so that you can learn about what makes each one good or bad.Next, you need to know what essay to use. It's perfectly fine to use an essay from a friend that fits into your specific situation. You may be able to get a few great points from a friend that was themselves applying for a college. This is a great way to get some practice with writing essays.Also, keep in mind that most college essay samples are written by writers who have been accepted at their school, but not necessarily at the college they're applying to. They're often generic or highly subjective pieces meant to help colleges decide who to admit and who should get a letter of rejection. However, they can still be very useful tools for learning more about the admissions process.All schools have different standards for acceptance. Some may accept someone based on grades, others based on test scores, others based on certain extracurricular activities. Writing an essay is a great way to see what works and what doesn't, so that you can tailor your own essay to fit the school's needs.Remember, you're not just writing an essay for admission. You're also writing it for a potential employer or teacher and you'll need to make sure that it's as good as it can be fo r these purposes. The best advice is to make sure that you aren't compromising quality because you know that the purpose of the essay is to impress the admissions committee.Think about what would impress a hiring committee or teacher. You might be surprised to find out that the topic of your freshman year honors English course isn't going to be as good a pitch to a teacher as the topic of an essay on motivation would be. It's important to know what's important to the admissions committee.Lastly, think about how well your own essay does in terms of what it says. An admission committee doesn't care about the format, the writing style, or the entire feel of your essay; what they want is someone who can tell a compelling story that makes sense in the context of a college. Make sure that your essay fits that criteria and you'll be fine.

A Purposeless Pilgrimage The Canterbury Tales Religion Essay Example

A Purposeless Pilgrimage The Canterbury Tales Religion Essay Example A Purposeless Pilgrimage The Canterbury Tales Religion Essay A Purposeless Pilgrimage The Canterbury Tales Religion Essay Essay Topic: The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales is a aggregation of narratives told by the characters within the narrative, written by Geoffrey Chaucer. He wrote with a strong sentiment which he uses to do a blazing statement about the Roman Catholic Church. His sentiment is that people within the church, including the leaders can be populating hypocritical lives. It reflects the thought that the characters in The Canterbury Tales were on a purposeless, spiritually nonmeaningful pilgrims journey. This piece straight addressed the spiritual issues of the common Englishman. Chaucer was non the merely 1 to reflect visible radiation on the spiritual lip service, but he allowed even those of lower standing to go knowing with the publication of The Canterbury Tales. The most interesting development of Chaucer s thought is that history agreed with his desire for alteration in the church. The Canterbury Tales altered the standing of the Roman Catholic Church by showing to the common adult male that corruptness existed within the normally accepted church. A A A A A Chaucer created The Canterbury Tales, a narrative of a pilgrims journey to Canterbury Cathedral in which each of the characters tell narratives with ethical motives. Chaucer began the prologue from the position of the chief character. The unidentified character was on his manner to Canterbury Cathedral when he crossed waies with a big group headed in the same way. He joined their group of 29, and he enlightened the reader to the visual aspects and personalities of his new familiarities ( Eds, 95. 19-27 ) . Chaucer reached a new crowd with The Canterbury Tales in the manner that common people could associate. Each character had a calling, partner and household ; aspirations, motivations, and a repute. Although Chaucer neer completed his initial programs for The Canterbury Tales, he wrote the prologue and 24 narratives ( Eds 90 ) . Prentice Hall Literature claims, irrespective of the technically uncomplete work, the narratives, stand together as a complete work, ( 90 ) . Th is verse form used the pilgrims and their narratives to foster the underlining message. The Canterbury Tales is a literary work which showed the prominence of faith in Chaucer s clip. At this clip in England, Catholicism was the most prevailing signifier of Christianity. Church leaders held great strength ; their influence was singular. Singman and McClean venture so far as to state, Bing a portion of medieval England was in fact the same as being portion of the church. All Christians in Western Europe were capable to the religious authorization of the Pope ( the Catholic Church was the lone officially accepted church in Western Europe, although there were other churches elsewhere, ) ( 26 ) . Another big spiritual influence was the encouragement of monasticism. Kung wrote, In the interfering church ideal position, the mediaeval universe was a universe dominated by priests, nuns, monastics, and their ideal of continency, ( 105 ) . Church, spiritualty, and faith were reasonably big facets of the England before The Canterbury Tales. The Canterbury Tales altered the standing of the Roman Catholic Church. Hidden truths can be found through the characters and the narratives of the pilgrims. Despite the fact that The Canterbury Tales is fiction, these people represented Englishmen of this clip. Chaucer explained to the readers who they are and where they have come from. Many times he described with honest qualities, yet the unfortunate, black qualities outweighed the positive. Anthony of Taize said, Chaucer, no uncertainty, more or less realized that he was better equipped to stand for fallen nature than effectual grace. That would assist explicate why critics use the word idealized to measure up Parson and Ploughman portrayals. Still, he surely knew a thing or two about the possible options to the primrose way. The church could no longer be viewed the same due to the truths of the pilgrims. To observe the troubled motivations of the pilgrims journey, Chaucer used illustrations of people who were expected to understand the significance of the pilgrims journey. The Nun or Prioress was the first noteworthy character. She earned the place of nobility and was a really refined and civilized adult female. This nun, Madam Eglantyne was said to be greatly sentimental and sort, every bit good as have oning a watchband with supplication beads and singing a day-to-day supplication ( 122-166 ) . Interestingly, she made her spiritual act of prayer really public ; frequently times that is non necessary. In Matthew 6:5 it says, And when you pray, do non be like the dissemblers, for they love to pray standing in the temples and on the street corners to be seen by work forces. I tell you the truth, they have received their wages in full, ( The Treasure Study Bible 1324 ) . Verse six and seven continue on to state supplication should frequently be private and personal. Although praying in populace is non incorrect, the motivations of the Nun are questionable. Her supplications seem to hold been merely out of responsibility. Swisher claims, [ The ] Prioress is more worldly than spiritual, ( 39 ) . She gave the visual aspect of being religious, yet she does look to be more concerned with etiquette. Her focal point may hold been on proper life and etiquette, but the Nun surely would non be considered corrupt in comparing to her fellow religious blue bloods, the Monk and the Friar. Sing the Monk, Chaucer wrote, The Rule of St. Benet or St. Maur/ As old and rigorous he tended to disregard ; /He let travel by the things of yesterday/ And took the modern s universe s more broad manner, ( 177-180 ) . This monastic surely did non hold the desire to oppose the ways of the universe. He enjoyed nutrient, and hunting and he spared no disbursal, ( 196 ) . The Monk presented the dissatisfactory world of the devout spiritual figures. In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer allowed the reader to cognize the Friar is a adult male who should non be trusted. The Friar, named Hubert, was an openly spiritual adult male ( 279 ) . He was a member of all four of the cloistered orders, yet he lived merely the manner he wanted. Chaucer wrote, For he was qualified to hear confessions, / Or so he said, with more than priestly scope ; / He had a particular licence from the Pope, ( 223-224 ) . Chaucer so suggested, Therefore alternatively of crying or supplication / One should give Ag for a hapless Friar s attention, ( 235-236 ) . In lines 245-250, Chaucer described his relationship with barmaids and the nearby tap houses. He wrote, For in so high as a adult male as he/ It was non suiting with the dignity/ Of his place. He embraced worldly populating. Worldly populating wholly contradicts the construct of being a mendicant. He rebuked those with a pinpoint in their oculus, disregarding the board in his ain ( Matthew 7:3, The Tre asure Study Bible 1326 ) . The stanzas continue entering all of the secular activities in which he was involved. He abused his power, took advantage of the vulnerable, and participated in an immoral life style. On the other manus for the first clip in the full prologue, the reader feels grasp for one of the pilgrims. He was a holy-minded adult male, ( 487 ) who Chaucer declared genuinely knew Christ s Gospel and would prophesy it, ( 491 ) . The Parson was persevering, low, and led by following God s Word himself. Chaucer neer claimed such respectable things of the other 28 pilgrims. This ideal pilgrim represented the hope for the Roman Catholic Church when everything else was falling apart. The echt life of the Parson pointed out that non all of the church was in the incorrect. The Parson represented the staying pureness. His lifestyle picks were about straight opposite of the many other pilgrims. One noteworthy difference was his utmost altruism. Chaucer wrote, He much disliked extorting tithe or fee, unlike the Pardoner. He helped fellow Christians in demand ; he was merely a call off ( 495-504 ) .Chaucer was really clear about his standing with the Parson. I think there neer was a better priest. / He sought no gaudery or glorification in his dealing, / No scrupulosity had spiced his feelings./ Christ and His Twelve Apostles and their lore/ He taught, but followed it himself before, ( 534-536 ) . True Christianity was surely non prevailing in the message in The Canterbury Tales. Excluding the Parson, the bulk of its characters contradicted the belief of pureness and godliness. Chaucer saved the most utmost character descriptions for last ; the Pardoner was one of the strongest illustrations of a corrupt spiritual character in The Canterbury Tales. The Pardoner sold relics of no value and of no significance to the fleeceable Christians by his convicting vocals and discourses. John Wellford says, He is hence a fourteenth century English version of the snake-oil salesman. He took advantage of the ignorant and deceived folds into passing in hard-earned money for bogus keepsakes. The most atrocious thought the Pardoner presented is the sarcasm in his discourses and his life style. He lived his life cognizing right and making incorrect. The Pardoner was a adult male who led his life radically in contradiction to his supposed beliefs. The Pardoner s moral in his narrative was Radix malorum est cupiditas. The moral means Greed is the root of all evil, in Latin ( Chaucer line 8, 142 ) . His intent in stating the narrative was to harvest the benefits of those merely desiring forgiveness and a relationship with God. The Pardoner wanted touchable benefits. He stated, But allow me briefly do my purpose field ; I preach for nil but for greed of addition, ( 41-42 ) . Redemption of his hearers was wholly undistinguished to him ( 23 ) . With the Pardoner, Chaucer provided a solid illustration of what the pilgrims should non be. Chaucer s Canterbury Tales changed the manner people viewed the Catholic Church. He chose to compose a fictional narrative, yet his purposes are still clear. One can non misinterpret a section from The Canterbury Tales prologue. Chaucer wrote, For if a priest be foul in whom we trust / No admiration that a common adult male should corrode ; / And dishonor it is to see-let priests take stock-/ A soiled shepherd and a snowy flock. / The true illustration that a priest should give / Is one of cleanness, how the sheep should populate, ( 511-515 ) . Chaucer needed the common adult male to see the lip service and dual criterions of the Roman Catholic Church in the 13th century. Handily, as history shows, reform was shortly on its manner ( Collinson ) . Elton declared, The Church was full of failings and maltreatments ; reforms had been talked about for a really long clip, ( 105 ) . The Canterbury Tales assisted in readying for what is known as The Reformation of the 14th century. The Roman Catholic Church was put on the topographic point, uncovering the demand for reform. The Canterbury Tales emphasized the real properties of the Roman Catholic Church in Chaucer s age. Chaucer s piece of literature created quite the break in the typical position of accepting the church. He used the pilgrims going to Canterbury Cathedral to talk on the religious position of the state and church. There was a really clear message of lip service in the bulk of the pilgrims who claim Christianity in the narrative. Looking from a Biblical position, their philosophy does non hold with their actions. The Canterbury Tales strengthened the desire for pureness within the church.

Best Practices for Social Science Writing Essay Example for Free

Best Practices for Social Science Writing Essay Practices (24) , social science (10) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints When social scientists write their research papers, they usually discuss the methods that they employed in gathering and analyzing their data and the results that they were able to generate using these methods. They however seldom concentrate on the writing process itself (Cuba, 1997). Writing in the field of social science requires the use of insight and research to better understand and make concrete observations and findings about the various behavioral elements. There are many methods of conducting social science studies namely through observations, interviews, surveys and case studies. However, when one starts writing the research paper that would embody these pertinent findings, the writer usually faces the challenges that many social science writers encounter. These problems include the complexities of achieving clarity, the potential for committing biases, writing in the first-person perspective, the use of quotations and in-text citations to support the analysis, and formatting styles particular to the field of social sciences. When writing one’s own research paper, it is important for a scholar in the field of social science to have a grasp of the basic writing techniques peculiar to social science in order to produce an academic paper that is relevant, informative and worth reading. The prevalence of search engines and the use of the World Wide Web have made it easier for scholars nowadays to conduct their studies and research with ease and in an expeditious manner. The libraries and other academic centers which make available to the public the latest references has also contributed to a great extent to achieving academic quality of various writings. Complexities in Achieving Clarity Like any other field of study, effective writing requires constant practice. This entails continuous process of writing, editing and rewriting ideas and use of words to convey these thoughts clearly to the intended audience (Cuba, 1997). Oftentimes, students of social science put off writing their research paper until they have completed doing all their research and compiled their bibliography. This practice however sometimes leads to insufficient time in writing the paper itself. In order to achieve clarity when writing a social science research paper, Hult (1996) enumerated the two components that must be considered: rhetorical question and organization. The components of a rhetorical situation include 1) the writer’s purpose; 2) the writer’s persona; 3) the potential readers or audience; 4) the subject matter and; 5) the appropriate language or tone (Hult, 1996). In starting the research write-up, the writer must determine the purpose of his paper and he must be able to define it clearly throughout the entire paper. The purpose need not be complex. A simple purpose will do so long as the readers can have a grasp of what the research is all about. Writers in the field of social science must also avoid writing in the first-person persona as this will affect the objectivity of their research. Identifying the intended audience will also help the writer in deciding what specific issues to discuss and what areas to avoid. For example, a person writing in the field of political science will have to consider political analysts as his potential readers. The subject matter is the most important aspect of the rhetorical situation (Hult, 1996). A writer must carefully select his thesis statement and decide from the materials gathered what facts must be included as well as those which need not be discussed. Furthermore, the research writer might also consider providing a glossary of terms when writing on a technical subject in order to make it easier for the readers to understand the language and tone of the research paper. Omitting Biases and Avoiding First Person Writing Style It is not uncommon practice in the field of social science to write using the first person persona. Writing from the first person perspective however indicates subjectivity in arriving at one’s own research findings and this in turn diminishes the objectivity of the research. In order to be more persuasive, the writer must couch his paper from a third person perspective so as to avoid the impression that he is impelled more by his own biases rather than reporting the facts gathered from relevant data. Omitting biases should be the foremost consideration of every social science writer because this field requires objectiveness and keen understanding of the facts and data. Unlike writers in the field of literature who have unbridled discretion to unleash their feelings and emotions in their papers, social science writers are bound by their duty to report the facts as they appear and not as they think it should be. The field of social science is primarily detail-oriented and must be supported by relevant, empirical, and reliable facts. In order to avoid biases, the writer must always dwell on the facts gathered and must use relevant sources to support his findings. Primary and secondary sources play an important role in the persuasiveness of one’s research work because the extent of the credibility of a research paper is to a great extent determined by the depth of research done by the researcher to support his study. The writer must also avoid labeling his chosen population or individual participants to avoid offending the readers. When dealing with a particular ethnic group or race, it is advisable to call them as they would like to be called. In order to avoid language biases, use the terminology applicable in the research itself. For example, when reporting on a study conducted on two types of participants, it is advisable to describe them according to how they were classified in the given study provided the labels are in themselves not offensive per se. Minimizing the Use of Quotations A writer’s source material must be in the form of paraphrases and summaries. However, paraphrased materials must still be properly documented either through in-text citations or footnotes or endnotes. Hult (1996) added that putting source material in your own words will improve the flow of your paper since the paraphrased style will blend with your own writing style and will thus contribute to its consistency. Minimize the use of direct quotations. The use of too many direct quotations distracts the reader and it also minimizes coherence of the writing style. It also leaves the impression that the writer knows little about his topic and is in fact relying heavily on what others have come up with (Hult, 1996). What the writer can do is paraphrase or summarize the portion of the materials used and document it properly. If using direct quotes cannot be avoided, the following principles are helpful in incorporating them smoothly in the research paper. First, when using quotations with four lines or less in length, enclose them with quotation marks and incorporate them in the text. Second, quotes should be introduced using the verb tense which is consistent with the tense of the quoted material. Third, change the capital letter to lower case and vice versa, within the quote if necessary. Fourth, enclosed in brackets the letter or words inserted inside the quoted material to separate them from the quoted material itself. Fifth, use ellipsis to signal that a material has been omitted from the quote. Sixth, punctuate the direct quote as it appears from the original. Seventh, a period or a comma which is part of the quote should be placed inside the quotation marks. Eighth, use a colon to introduce a quote which is more than one sentence or if the introductory material prior to the quoted portion is too long. Ninth, use a comma for short quotes (Hult, 1996). Using In-text Citations to Support Analysis A researcher who intends to make use on in-text citation in his write-up should keep in mind the American Psychological Association (APA) style which requires the use of past tense or present perfect tense when referring to earlier research materials. For example, it is incorrect to say â€Å"Smith (2008) states that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  when referring to Smith’s research findings. Instead, the researcher must employ the past or present perfect tense; hence, the in-text citation should appear like this: â€Å"Smith (2008) stated/has stated that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In-text citations must follow the author-date format under the APA citation style, e. g. , (Smith, 2008) and a complete documentation of the source must appear in the reference list. Electronic sources are cited in the same manner as citing a printed document, e. g. , (Purdue University Online Writing Lab, 2008). For sources with no date available, place â€Å"n. d. † (meaning â€Å"no date†) after the author’s last name, e. g. , (Smith, n. d. ). Formatting Expectations A writer must see to it that his paper is professional in appearance. This is not to say however that attention to format should be every social science writer’s foremost consideration. It is also equally important to confer with your instructor as to what should be the appropriate format style for the particular paper. When preparing the paper, it is best to be conservative when it comes to formatting style rather than be ostentatious and vulgar, thus making the paper look less serious and informal. Hence, margin must not be justified on both side of the page but only on the left side only. The American Psychological Association (APA) is the most commonly used citation style format in the field of social sciences. The guidelines provided under the APA provides a useful tool in writing research papers, using in-text citations and reference page and using footnotes or endnotes. Under the APA formatting style, page headers are required to be placed in the upper right-hand of every page. This page header must contain the first two to three words of the title followed by the page number. The title page should already show include the page header. A running head must also appear on the first line of the title page flush-left. On the upper half of the page, centered, the full title of the paper, the name of the writer and university or affiliation must be indicated (Purdue University Online Writing Lab, 2008). Research papers are normally comprised of the title page, the abstract (if appropriate), the main body, the references, and the appendixes (if appropriate). The abstract need not be written for short research papers but for published research reports, an abstract is always required regardless of the length of the paper (Hult, 1996). Appendix may be used to include raw data and other information that need not appear in the main body but is likewise important in the research paper. It is located after the reference page and is labeled sequentially in letters. The reference page must include all the sources used in the research paper. The sources must be in alphabetical order by author’s last name and need not be numbered. Conclusion Writing is a necessary aspect of social research (Cuba, 1997). A good research means that the writer gave great effort in collecting and organizing his data as well as in organizing his findings in a coherent and scholarly manner suitable to the academic community he intends to present his study to. In preparing the research paper, every writer in the field of social science must consider the pertinent style guides applicable. The writing process is an analytic strategy that can only be improved through practice. This necessarily means that every social science researcher preparing his paper must open to revisions. The first draft must not be the final paper. Every writer must be also be willing to take constructive criticism from his colleagues because all too often, a writer cannot see the errors of his own work unless others point them out. Letting others read your research paper will help you in assessing some of the loopholes in your own arguments. Writing in the field of social sciences is an important aspect of the research itself because the manner in which a given study is presented contributes to the persuasiveness of the one’s findings and output. As such, it is important to be familiar with the writing techniques, styles, and formats applicable in your field of research so as to avoid mistakes and errors in presenting your research. The APA citation format style is a helpful tool in the social sciences and every scholar in this field must familiarize himself this formatting to avoid the inconvenience of revising and rewriting the research paper. The social science paper must be formal as to its structure and form and the writer must avoid using first person persona that is usually employed in the literary field. The sentences must be well-crafted and concise and must clearly reflect in a coherent and thorough manner the findings of the researcher without the need of extravagant words or details. Social science research writing is a challenging task for every writer. It requires practice and hard work just like collecting the data itself. It is an inevitable part of every researcher’s academic life and it cannot be avoided. Hence, every researcher must be familiar with the format and style peculiar to this field in order to increase the success of one’s research paper. References Cuba, Lee (1997). Short Guide to Writing About Social Science (4th Ed. ). Addison-United States: Wesley Educational Publishers Inc. Gerring, John, Yesnowitz, Joshua & Bird, Stephen (2004). General Advice on Social Science Writing. Retrieved August 1, 2008 from http://people. bu. edu/jgerring/documents/Adviceonessaywriting. pdf Hult, Christine (1996). Researching and Writing in the Social Sciences. Boston, Allyn and Bacon. Hess, Diana (2007). From Banished to Brother Outsider, Miss Navajo to An Inconvenient Truth: Documentary Films as Perspective-Laden Narratives. Social Education 71 (4), 194-199. McDonald, Susan, MD. Social Science Writing Guide. Retrieved August 1, 2008 from http://www. emayzine. com/lectures/writing. htm Mullen, Carol (2006). Best Writing Practices for Graduate Students: Reducing the Discomfort of the Blank Screen. Retrieved August 1, 2008 from http://cnx. org/content/m14054/latest/ Przeworski, Adam and Salomon, Frank (1995). The Art of Writing Proposals: Some Candid Suggestions to Social Science Research Council Competitions. Social Science Research Council. Retrieved August 1, 2008 from http://fellowships. ssrc. org/art_of_writing_proposals/ Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL) (19 June 2008). APA Formatting and Style Guide. Retrieved August 2, 2008 from http://owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/resource/560/01/http://Web address for OWL resource. Watts, Michael. The Holy Grail: In Pursuit of the Dissertation Proposal. Institute of International Studies. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved August 1, 2008 from http://globetrotter. berkeley. edu/DissPropWorkshop/process/InPursuitofPhD. pdf Best Practices for Social Science Writing. (2016, Aug 01). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

(Technology Supporting Business Processes 2 ) Assignment

(Technology Supporting Business Processes 2 ) - Assignment Example This has been through a number of aspects. First, the use of information system in businesses has largely shaped the decisions. Reason being; it can deliver all information needed. Consequently, with the availability of updated information business can make informed decisions. For example, in the event that the business owners are to choose between two factors, the system derives key indicators (costs, income, etc) for both. Therefore, this will result into making a choice that will be more efficient and competitive (How Information System Impact Organizations and Businesses, 2013). Second, the use of information system in business setting has influenced increased productivity. This is because automation of the process in a business increases the production speed. Moreover, this shifts employees’ attention to other duties that require critical thinking. Consequently, this makes the business more competitive. Furthermore, information system reduces the number of workers. As a result, the business will minimize expenses and increase profitability (Goessl, 2010). Third, information systems provide an efficient and effective way to store data. This enables quick accessibility. As a result, costs associated with setting up storage units are minimized (Doom, 2010). In conclusion, it is evident that through the incorporation of information business system, businesses are positively affected. This is because it minimizes costs associated with the production. Consequently, this ensures that businesses are competitive. Goessl, L. (2010, February). Advantages of Using Information System in Business. Retrieved July Thursday, 2014, from Inside Business: http://www.insidebusiness360.com/index.php/advantages-of-using-information-systems-in-business-14410/ How Information System Impact Organizations and Businesses. (2013). Retrieved July Thursday, 2014, from Slide

Business Communication 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Communication 4 - Assignment Example 7 2.5 TEAM WORK 2.5.1 Team work and synergy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 2.5.2 Relationship of team members †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 2.5.3 Conflict/problems in teams†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 3.2 Informal communication networks †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 3.3 ACTIVE LISTENING †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 3.4 INTERVIEWING †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 3.5 TEAM WORK †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 1.1 Terms of reference This report was requested to gauge individual and team understanding on how communication affects organizational performance. It is also meant to determine how interpersonal communication skills can be applied in business situations. This will be done in consideration of the circumstances presented by the Hall Furniture study. The understanding and consequent reporting will be done as part of a group project to be submitted on Frida y 31 May, 2013 by 4 pm. 1.2 Procedure The information to be employed in completion of this report will be gathered from: The provided Hall Furniture case study Journals on organization communication and interpersonal communication Past case studies, evaluations and manuals on interpersonal communication 2.2 Informal communication networks 2.2.1 An informal communication pattern/networks An example of an informal communication pattern is one adopted by the accounting department in Hall furniture. The informal communication pattern was adopted as a result of the frustrating formal structure through which formal requests took a long time to process (Krizan, 2006). This translated to frustrated employees as they could not get things done fast enough. As a way to ensure fast responses they established a random means of communication. They would arbitrarily tell one person who would get the message to another party and this way the information would travel faster ensuring easier and faste r feedback thus improved productivity. This form of informal communication, also called â€Å"Grapevine† allows for rumor dispersion and it is often a risky approach once it is the preferred means of communication as objectivity is lost (Krizan, 2006). 2.2.2 Problems with informal communication networks Informal communication networks have a great potential to cause problems within an organization such as Furniture Hall. These problems result because informal communication allows for information distortion. Distortion is most common as this means of communication does not follow any defined rules or channels (Guffey & Loewy, 2013). This means that they can be a means of transmitting any form of information and to any person irrespective of whom without respect or fear. This method also lacks confidentiality; this is because everyone can freely interrelate as there are no restrictions (Krizan, 2006). Any secret is likely to come to the fore with little thought or hesitation. A nother major